In this paper, using simulation code CRPropa3. 0, the propagation of 104 primary cosmic rays of proton and iron with energy range of 1018 to 1021 eV was simulated. The spectra of the secondary photons and electron-positrons generated in the interactions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with cosmic background photons were investigated. The photon and electron spectra considered here are generated in photopion production, beta decay, and pair production. The minimum energy of primaries and the spectral index of source injection is changed separately and the effect of these changes on the spectra is investigated. Also, the total primary energy percent which transfers to secondaries, is calculated. It is found that for both primaries, lowering the minimum energy of the primaries leads to the decrease of the flux of secondaries. This also results in the decrease of the total energy percent carried by beta and photopion products and the increase of the energy percent of pair production. Finally, in is shown that by increasing the spectral index, the flux and the energy percent of all secondaries decreases for proton and iron primaries.

In this paper, after addressing various future singularities, predicted for Cosmos, an introductory note on Rastall theory is provided. Thereinafter, considering a flat Universe, the Friedmann equations of Rastall theory are derived, and the possibility of obtaining various singularities are studied in two cases. In the first case, the cosmic fluid is an isotropic and homogenous fluid while the ratio of its pressure and density is constant. In the second case, the mentioned ratio is not always constant and Universe evolves with a specified rate. The study claims that whereas it is not predicted any future singularity for the first model of cosmos, some types of future singularities may be inevitable in the second one.

Cosmic Rays (CR) travel at speeds essentially indistinguishable from the speed of light. However whilst travelling through magnetic fields, both regular and turbulent, they are delayed behind the light since they are usually charged particles and their paths are not linear. Those delays can be so long that they are an impediment to correctly identifying sources which may be variable in time. Furthermore deduction of CR sources without knowing CR time delays is not possible, so the magnitude of such delays will be discussed and compared to the characteristic time variation of possible cosmic ray sources.

man with going on to perfection can be the symbol of the names of Allah (Asmaa’ul Allah) and the vicegerent of God on earth. The holy Quran in Baqarah chapter, verses 30-33, has presented the man’s capacity to achieve the position of the vicegerent of God on earth. In these verses, Allah announces to the angels that He has appointed a vicegerent on earth with the creation of man and afterwards in order to clarify the position of the vicegerent of God on earth, He mentions that vicegerent of God on earth is who has the knowledge to the names of Allah (Asmaa’ul Allah). Therefore, there is a close and deep relationship between the knowledge of man to the names of Allah and the vicegerent of God on earth. The exegetes have determined several attitudes for the meaning of the names of Allah and how to achieve its knowledge. Mulla Sadra in his interpretation for this verse believes that the meaning of teaching the names of Allah (Asmaa’ul Allah) to Adam (peace be upon him) is the manifestation of man for the names and attributes of Allah and comprehending all man’s knowledge and shows that how man’s universality can make him be worthy of being the vicegerent on earth and achieving to the position of and Cosmic Guardianship (Vellayat Takvini - Creational Guardianship).

In this paper, we have presented a power law scaling Kaluza-Klein cosmological model dominated by two interacting perfect fluid components during expansion. Barotropic equations of state for pressure and density are considered to get determinate solutions of the field equations. We have shown that the components are not conserved separately because of mutual interaction between the two fluids, and the energy densities are proportional to 1/t2.

The first phase of the Alborz Observatory Array (Alborz-1) consists of 20 plastic scintillation detectors each one with surface area of 0. 25 spread over an area of realized to the study of Extensive Air Showers around the knee at the Sharif University of Technology campus. The first stage of the project including construction and operation of a prototype system has now been completed and the electronics that will be used in the array instrument has been tested under field conditions. In order to achieve a realistic estimate of the array performance, a large number of simulated CORSIKA showers have been used. In the present work, theoretical results obtained in the study of different array layouts and trigger conditions are described. Using Monte Carlo simulations of showers the rate of detected events per day and the trigger probability functions, i. e., the probability for an extensive air shower to trigger a ground based array as a function of the shower core distance to the center of array are presented for energies above 1 TeV and zenith angles up to. Moreover, the angular resolution of the Alborz-1 array is obtained. For experimental study of the array, Alborz-1 sub-array consists of 5 detectors on a pentagon configuration similar to the central cluster of the Alborz-1 array have been collecting data since 2014 February for 14 month in 4th floor of physics department at Sharif University of Technology. Alborz-I, made of 20 scintillation detectors is set up in a cluster layout to study the cosmic ray spectrum in the energy range of 1012 to 1016 eV. . This paper reveals the zenith angle distribution function of detected air showers by this sub-array.

We examine observational status of cosmological inflation with a zero-point length. By considering the zero-point length correction to the geometric part of the field equations, specially the Hubble parameter, we derive modified background equations, slow-roll parameters and inflation observables including scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio in this setup. We conduct numerical analysis on a power-law inflation as a toy model and also some other inflation potentials to assess the impact of a minimum length on the inflationary cosmology. In this regard, we compare our results with recent data from Planck 2018 TT, TE, EE +lowE +lensing, Planck 2018 TT, TE, EE +lowE +lensing+BK15, and  Planck 2018 TT, TE, EE +lowE +lensing+ BK15+ BAO at the $\%68$ and $\%95$ levels of confidence. We find that the impact of the zero-point length varies across different potentials and its characteristic value is of different orders of magnitude (in units of the Planck length), determined based on the various types of the potentials. We show that, while some inflation potentials fall outside the mentioned datasets' confidence levels in the absence of the zero-point length, they are in good agreement with the same datasets in the presence of the zero-point length. In this comparison, we obtain a range of consistency for the zero-point length with the mentioned observational data.

Objectives: The main purpose of this research is the extraction of the mystical principles of the school of Halgeh (cosmic mysticism), both theoretical and practical, and its comparison with the standards of mystic science, especially Islamic mysticism. Method: The method of this research is documentary-analytic, and by reference to the existing texts, the mystical foundations of this school have been gathered and compared with the criteria of mystical assessment derived from mystical opinions and scholars of mystic science. Results: Assessing the mystical bases of this school with the foundations of mystic science (especially the genuine Islamic mysticism) reveals the weakness of the foundations of the mysticism of the Halgeh. Conclusion: The mystical claims of the school of the Halgeh are incompatible with the three fundamental criteria of mystic science, namely, succession, Wisdom, and religion. And it is apparent the lack of austerity and conduct in the practical mysticism, and the weakness of analyzing the issue of poverty and personal unity in the context of theoretical mysticism.

Formed contractually, signs in literature are often symbolic in nature. The poems and paintings of Sohrab Sepehri, the contemporary Iranian poet and painter, are imbued with such signs which, if decoded, are rendered more tangible and more intelligible. Sepehri’s signs have their origins in nature and Hindu and Buddhist mysticism. With his mystical intuition and Platonic aesthetics, Sepehri has come to believe in a pantheistic understanding of the universe. A significant part of his cosmic signs represents eternal light leading the poet to the truth of existence. Semiotic research can lead to the discovery of meaningful layers in his poems and paintings and can bring the readers close to the semiotic space his poems. The article tries to analyze some of the most important universal symbols according to the schools of Saussure and Pierce and shed light on the concepts and their implications as they appear in Sepehri’s works.